“标准”Ⅲ（SM-3）反弹道导弹
目前雷西恩公司正在加紧研制的SM-3型是美国海基战区导弹防御系统（TMD）的重要一环，用来拦截中，远程弹道导弹。该型沿用SM-2 BlockⅣ型的弹体和发动机；改装了第3级发动机以及加装全球定位/惯性导航系统，拦截方式则采用波音公司研制的“动能拦截弹头”（LEAP）直接撞击目标。美国海军计划在 “宙斯盾”舰艇上部署弹道导弹防御系统。截至2004年1月，SM-3已经进行了4次拦截试验。目前，雷声公司已向美军交付了6枚SM-3的改进型 Block I导弹，还将根据合同交付其它5枚或更多。2005年7月，有消息称， 美海军与雷锡恩公司签订了一项价值1.241亿美元的合同，旨在生产、测试和向导弹防御局交付追加的SM-3导弹，以满足"宙斯盾"弹道导弹防御系统部署的需求。该合同是改进型SM-3 Block IA导弹的第一项生产合同。SM-3 Block IA型导弹提高了导弹的可靠性和保障性，同时降低了导弹的成本。SM-3导弹已经从工程研制阶段转换到生产加工阶段，并和SM-2导弹一起在雷锡恩公司导弹系统分公司的军工厂生产，这些军工厂分别位于亚利桑那州的图森市和阿肯色州的卡姆登市。SM- 3导弹的动能战斗部将在图森的最新式的拦截器生产工厂进行生产和测试。雷锡恩公司将负责SM-3导弹（包括动能战斗部）的研制和集成工作，公司领导的研制小组包括波音公司、航空喷气系统公司和阿连特技术公司。SM-3导弹还在加利福尼亚州的阿纳海姆市和马里兰的埃尔克顿市进行研制和生产。


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一、概述
SM系列导弹又称“标准”系列舰空导弹，是美国海军为取代RIM-2“小猎犬”和RIM-24“鞑靼人”舰载防空导弹于1963年开始研制的中远程全天候舰队防空系统。“标准”防空导弹可以攻击中高空飞机、反舰导弹及巡航导弹，必要时还可攻击水面舰艇。经过几十年不断的改进，“标准”导弹已经发展成拥有数十种型号的庞大家族。不但成为美国海军的主要防空系统，而且还装备在其它十几个国家和地区的100多艘舰艇上。另外，美国还在防空型的基础研制了“标准”空对地反辐射导弹，在70年代和80年代被美国海军和空军大量装备。

“标准”Ⅰ系列（SM-1）舰空导弹

二、型号演变及技术性能
“标准”系列导弹主要分Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型三大系列，每个系列又分为多种型号。最早投入使用的是“标准”Ⅰ系列（SM-1）。目前美国海军主要使用的是“标准”Ⅱ系列（SM-2）。倍受关注的“标准”Ⅲ型（SM-3）是正在研制中的一种新型远程防空导弹，是美国海基战区导弹防御系统（TMD）的重要一环。此外，美国海军还在研制“标准”lV对陆攻击型（SM-4），用于对陆火力支援。

“标准”Ⅱ（SM-2）系列
“标准”Ⅱ型是作为美国海军“宙斯盾”防空系统拦截弹，在SM-1型的基础上研制的。“阿利伯克”级导弹驱逐舰目前装备的就是这个系列。SM-2系列采用了惯性中程制导/指令中程修正加半主动雷达自动寻的制导的复合制导体制，由MK41垂直发射系统或MK26导弹发射器（GMLS）发射，由尾部弹翼控制飞行方向。在飞向目标途中，通过数据链从Mk74“鞑靼人”或Mk76“小猎犬”火控系统向导弹发送目标修正指令，或通过“宇宙盾”舰上的指令制导上传数据链向导弹发送目标指令，直到末端才需要雷达照射。此外，SM-2导弹采用了先进的单脉冲导引头和数字计算机控制，有效地克服了SM-1导弹的缺点，提高了射程、精度和抗干扰能力等。先后装备美国海军的SM-2系列有BlockⅠ、BlockⅡ、BlockⅢ、BlockⅢA、BlockⅢB以及BlockⅣ增程型（ER）。

SM-2 BlockⅠ型导弹
SM-2 BlockⅠ型导弹编号为RIM-66C;由MK26发射器发射的编号为RIM-66D；1978年投入使用，1984年停产。该型与SM-1 Block Ⅳ型导弹非常相似，具有相同的制导和推进系统，但采用了新型的Mk115爆破杀伤战斗部，并加装了中段指令修正系统，导弹的有效射程46千米。RIM-66D为反辐射自导引型导弹，称为“标准”ARM，该型只用于出口，曾经是许多国家海军的主力防空武器。“标准”ARM采用了一套反辐射寻的器以避开雷达散射，该导弹的射程能够达到80海里以上。

SM-2 BlockⅡ型导弹1983年装备美国海军，编号为RIM-66G；由MK41垂直发射系统发射的编号是RIM-66H，由MK26发射器发射的是RIM-66J。该型导弹采用了新的Mk104双推力火箭发动机，进一步增大了射程，达到166公里；提高了对抗更快、高机动目标的能力。同时，还引用了全数字信号处理技术，并采用Mk115爆破杀伤战斗部。

SM-2 BlockⅢ型导弹
SM-2 BlockⅢ型导弹的研制工作始于1984年，是在SM-2 BlockⅡ的基础上研制的，与BlockⅡ相比，提高了电子性能，并加入了Mk45 Mod 8目标探测装置，以提高对抗低空目标的性能。由MK26发射器发射的型号是RIM-66K，MK41垂直发射系统发射的是RIM-66L和RIM-66M。BlockⅢ于1988年6月获得批量生产许可。
SM-2 BlockⅢ及BlockⅢA、BlockⅢB等型一直用于美国海军“提康德罗加”级（CG-47）导弹巡洋舰和“阿利·伯克”级导弹驱逐舰，是上述两型舰上“宇宙盾”武器系统中的重要武器。BlockⅢA是BlockⅢ的改造型，加入了Mk125战斗部，战斗部爆片具有更大的速度，对来袭目标的毁伤能力更大，还加入了Mk45 Mod9目标探测装置，进一步增加了反掠海目标的能力。1992年，BlockⅢA获得批量生产许可，1994年1月，首先装备在“维克斯堡”号导弹巡洋舰上。“标准”Ⅱ中程导弹家族中的新秀是双模式SM-2 BlockⅢB导弹，该导弹加入了一套辅助红外传感器。BlockⅢB导弹是根据美国海军的“改进导弹自动寻的能力”计划研制的，在该计划中研制完成了半主动式雷达自动寻的通道，提高了导弹在最后阶段对付重要目标的性能，扩展了导弹制导逻辑运算功能，使导弹能够更好地处理从舰上和导弹寻的器上传来的信息。导弹通过评估每个传感器的信息，来决定由哪个传感器制导攻击目标。SM-2 BlockⅢB导弹于1995年2月开始了小批量试生产。一年后的1996年4月，BlockⅢB导弹进行了作战评估，由美国海军“夏洛”号巡洋舰承担了发射任务，试验结果表明导弹的作战效率和适应性均有提高，但同时发现对中程目标的识别能力有所减弱，经过改进，1998年2月又进行了一次飞行试验，结果表明该导弹性能仍有待改进。美国海军接着于1998年12月，在新服役的“德凯特”号驱逐舰的“军舰作战系统资格试验”中对BlockⅢB进行了试验，发射了8枚导弹，有7枚导弹分别命中了低空、高空、近程目标。

SM-2 BlockⅣ增程型
SM-2 BlockⅣ增程型是在SM-2的基础上加装助推器而成的，编号是RIM-67B/C，最大射程达到185公里，最大射高24000米，弹长8.23米，弹径346毫米，弹重1451公斤。SM-2 BlockⅣ主要用于舰队区域防空；除了增加了射程和复杂电子干扰情况下的拦截能力，其机动能力也比BlockⅢ型更强。RIM-67B型采用可提供高机动性的Mk30-2改进型主发动机，并安装了Mk12型助推器。RIM-67C型则采用Mk30-3发动机，并安装了Mk70新型助推器。
1993年美国海军开始研制具有拦截弹道导弹能力的BlockⅣ A型，BlockⅣ A型采用BlockⅣ的弹体，制导装置换成无线电指令/红外线双模式传感器，使导弹的灵敏度和抗干扰能力进一步提高；同时改进了自动驾驶/控制系统。按照设计要求，该弹可以由“宙斯盾”系统跟踪，拦截弹道导弹，构成海面舰艇与近海岸地区的弹道导弹防御网，同时仍然保留了原有的防空能力。1997年1月24日，美国海军首次进行反弹道导弹试验，BlockⅣ A型导弹的“发展测试弹”（DTR-1）成功的拦截了弹道导弹靶弹。

日美装备“标准”Ⅲ（SM-3）

  英国《简氏防务周刊》2006年6月21日报道 美国同意向日本出售由雷声公司生产的“标准”-3 (SM-3) Block 1型导弹。这是美国首次向国外出售该型导
弹，总价值4.58亿美元。SM-3导弹1999年首次交付美海军。

    日本也对导弹项目进行了长期研究，研制出了新型的“蛤壳”式头锥，并于今年3月初成功对该头锥进行了试验。

    这些导弹将用来装备日本海上自卫队的4艘“金刚”级驱逐舰。洛克希德?马丁公司发发言人表示，日本目前已经对其中的一艘驱逐舰进行了升级，安装了“宙斯盾” BMD Block IV型导弹。该驱逐舰将参加美海军在6月中旬举行的BMD导弹发射。

    对于SM-3导弹的出售，美国国防安全合作局表示，尽管东北亚地区还没有对该型导弹进行开发，但是SM-3导弹的出售和“宙斯盾”武器系统的BMD升级将不会破坏该地区的军事平衡，它只能够提高防御能力。

    美国会导弹防御局在5月26日又对SM-3项目投资4.24亿美元，用于SM-3 Block IA和Block IB型导弹的设计、开发、建造以及测试，该项目将持续到2008年5月。


[ 此贴被hmsh07在2008-03-14 15:12重新编辑 ]

Raytheon RIM-161 Standard SM-3
The SM-3 (Standard Missile 3) is a derivative of the RIM-156 Standard SM-2ER Block IV missile, and is the missile component of the U.S. Navy's forthcoming theater-wide ballistic missile defense system, called NTW-TBMD (Navy Theater Wide - Theater Ballistic Missile Defense). It is an upper-tier ballistic missile defense weapon, originally planned to complement the lower-tier SM-2ER Block IV A, but the latter has been cancelled in December 2001.

The SM-3 missile, designated RIM-161A, uses the basic SM-2ER Block IV A airframe and propulsion, and adds a third stage rocket motor (a.k.a. Advanced Solid Axial Starge, ASAS, made by Alliant Techsystems), a GPS/INS guidance section (a.k.a. GAINS, GPS-Aided Inertial Navigation System), and a LEAP (Lightweight Exo-Atmospheric Projectile) kinetic warhead (i.e. a non-explosive hit-to-kill warhead). The launching ships will be updated with Aegis LEAP Intercept (ALI) computer soft- and hardware.



The LEAP uses a FLIR (Forward-Looking Infrared) sensor to locate its target, and was tested in a 4-flight series called Terrier/LEAP from 1992 to 1995. These tests used modified Terrier and Standard SM-2 missiles. Two intercepts were attempted during these tests, but the LEAP failed to hit the target in both cases. The first flight-test of an RIM-161A SM-3 missile occurred in September 1999, and the third test (in January 2001) demonstrated successful missile flight and control up to fourth stage (i.e. kinetic warhead) separation. In January 2002, the first all-up test of an RIM-161A succeeded in hitting an Aries ballistic target missile.


Not all the early flight tests have been successful. The kill vehicle's SDACS (Solid Divert and Attitude Control System) malfunctioned on flight "FM-5" on 18 June 2003, which tested the SDACS for the first time in a realistic scenario. Flight "FM-6" in December 2003 successfully intercepted its target, but the SM-3 program has nevertheless been significantly delayed. Test "FM-7" has been postponed several times, but has eventually been conducted successfully on 24 February 2005. This test used an RIM-161A missile in the current standard operational configuration.

As of mid-2006, SM-3 tests are flown at regular intervals. The successful interception test on 22 June 2006 used the latest Block IA configuration of the missile, designated RIM-161B. The RIM-161B features upgrades to the rocket motor and the guidance & control software for increased overall performance. It also includes producibility and maintainability design changes.



Planned future developments of the RIM-161 missile include the RIM-161C Block IB with a two-color seeker and a new DACS, and the Block II series which will feature, among other improvements, 2nd and 3rd stage rocket motors with increased diameter for improved missile kinematics.

Specifications
Note: Data given by several sources show slight variations. Figures given below may therefore be inaccurate!

Data for RIM-161A:

Length (incl. booster) 6.55 m (21 ft 6 in)
Finspan 1.57 m (61.8 in)
Diameter 0.34 m (13.5 in)
Weight ?
Speed 9600 km/h (6000 mph)
Ceiling > 160 km (100 miles)
Range > 500 km (270 nm)
Propulsion Booster: United Techologies MK 72 solid-fueled rocket
Sustainer: Atlantic Research Corp. MK 104 dual-thrust solid-fueled rocket
3rd stage: Alliant Techsystem MK 136 solid-fueled rocket
Warhead Hit-to-kill kinetic warhead (KW)


[ 此贴被hmsh07在2008-03-14 15:16重新编辑 ]

“标准”Ⅳ（SM-4）对陆攻击型
由SM-2 BlockⅡ/Ⅲ型导弹改进而来，装备先进的全球定位制导系统，MK125改进型弹头；同时具有超音速飞行能力。将在美国海军的近海火力支援（NSFS）中扮演重要角色。


SM-4 RGM-165 Land Attack Standard Missile [LASM]
In 1998 the Navy pursued development of a Land Attack Standard Missile (LASM) to provide a long range missile capability by FY04 but the program was terminated during FY03 budget development. STANDARD Missile would have taken on a new role in Naval Surface Fire Support (NSFS). Land Attack STANDARD Missile would provide fast response, precision naval fires in support of Army and Marine Corps forces ashore. The Navy planned on converting older SM-2 Block II/IIIs to a LASM configuration, providing a significant cost savings. LASM utilizes an advanced Global Positioning System (GPS) guidance section to provide precision guidance. A modified MK125 warhead would provide significant lethality across the spectrum of fire support targets. LASM's supersonic speed and range fill a key role along with existing and planned gun systems and cruise missiles. Raytheon completed the LASM Demonstration Program, including several ground and flight test which validated its role as a land attack missile.

The CNO decided in late 1998 to modify the Standard missile for a surface-to-ground strike role. Studies determined LASM as the most cost-effective way to provide a rapid response, and all weather strike capability in support of military power projection ashore. The LASM mission will provide the required range, lethality, responsiveness and accuracy needed to support Marine Corps Fire Support requirements for Operational Maneuver from the Sea. This version of the Standard Surface-to-air missile was be reconfirmed for use against targets ashore at ranges up to 200 miles. The land-attack Standard missile (LASM), fitted with an advanced warhead and guided by GPS and its own inertial navigation system, would put at risk targets up over 150 nm inland.

The LASM built on the successful thirty-year evolution of the STANDARD Missile, the US Navy's premier AAW weapon currently deployed on 50 destroyers and cruiser as well as with 13 Navies around the world. The LASM design maximized use of common components, software and Non-developmental Items (NDI) between STANDARD Missile 2 (SM-2) Blk II/III and SM-3 LEAP (Lightweight Ex-Atmospheric Projectiles) minimizing development and production costs.

On 03 September 1998 the US Navy successfully conducted the third in the series of Land Attack Standard Missile (LASM) Concept Demonstration flights at the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. The objective of this particular test was to build upon a 24 July 1998 static firing of the Mk125 Warhead conducted at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, Virginia in order to validate the warhead fragment pattern under actual missile flight conditions. The Mk125 warhead is currently deployed in STANDARD Missile-2 Block IIIA, IIIB, IV and the future IVA missiles possessing a proven reputation for devastating lethality and rugged reliability. The test used a modified STANDARD Missile-2 Block IIIA, carrying a modified Mk125 warhead which was optimized to the LASM's terminal trajectory made to enhance effectiveness in the land attack role. The Mk125 modifications primarily involve alterations to the warhead's explosive initiation system. The STANDARD Missile was launched from the Mk41 Vertical Launching System (VLS) and flew over 50 nautical miles on a pre-programmed flight path to a specific warhead burst point in an arena equipped with witness plates and optical equipment to verify warhead performance under dynamic conditions. This test combined with prior tests in the fall of 1997 and the spring of 1998 met all planned Concept Demonstration program objectives.

There were approximately 1200 rounds in the U.S. Navy's inventory available for LASM retrofit. Flight demonstrations were planned for FY1998 and FY1999 with an Initial Operating Capability (IOC) about 2003.

哇，这么强的帖没人回，抢个鲜。


[ 此贴被咖啡企鹅在2008-03-14 15:28重新编辑 ]

这英文拿去做英语四级的阅读题挺好。

学习了

比看我们的火箭壮观多了

顶一下，不错的内容

有点意思

SM-4好象没消息了